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Walter D'Arcy Ryan
Walter D'Arcy Ryan (Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada, April 17, 1870 – Schenectady, New York, USA, March 14, 1934) was an influential early lighting engineer who worked for General Electric as director of its Illuminating Engineering Laboratory. He pioneered skyscraper illumination, designed the Scintillator colored searchlights display, and was responsible for the lighting of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco and the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago, in addition to the first complete illumination of Niagara Falls. He combined illumination into both an art and a science.〔
==Early life and career==
Ryan was born in Kentville, Nova Scotia, and educated in Canada for a military career, but instead emigrated to the United States around 1890.〔"Personal," ''Electrical World'' 65.22 (1915) (p. 1440 ).〕 He worked for General Electric in Lynn, Massachusetts, and was rapidly promoted and put in charge of the Commercial Department, which developed into the Illuminating Engineering Laboratory, the world's first institution for research into lighting;〔Karen Bouchard and Dietrich Neumann, "Walter D'Arcy Ryan (1870–1934)," "Lighting Designers—Selected Biographies," in ''Architecture of the Night: The Illuminated Building'', ed. Dietrich Neumann, Munich/New York: Prestel, 2002, ISBN 978-3-7913-2587-3, pp. 229–31, p. 231.〕 this was formally established around 1908 in Schenectady, New York, with him at its head.〔〔Obituary, ''Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers'' 53 (1934) (636 ).〕 He and his team developed and patented much of the technology for lighting applications, including the Ryan-Lite reflector-equipped headlamp.〔''Motor'' 52 (1929) (p. 168 ).〕〔"Ryan-Lite Gets Approval," ''Automotive Industries'' 55 (1926) (877 ).〕〔("Ryan-Lite Approved by all Officials," ) ''Schenectady Gazette'' June 15, 1927, Automobile section, p. 18 (pdf)〕〔"San Franciscan Beats Round Trip Coast-to-Coast Records," ''Berkeley Daily Gazette'' June 18, 1927.〕
In particular, under Ryan the Illuminating Engineering Laboratory developed the ornamental streetlighting scheme called the White Way after Broadway, and General Electric promoted it to towns and cities.〔David E. Nye, ''Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 1990, ISBN 978-0-262-14048-5, (p. 54 ), pointing out that Westinghouse was doing similar innovation and promotion.〕 The first installation was on Broadway Avenue in Los Angeles in 1905.〔John A. Jakle, ''City Lights: Illuminating the American Night'', Landscapes of the Night, Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8018-6593-0, pp. 226–27.〕 Ryan described it as a way to provide "cosmopolitan atmosphere and dignified aesthetic effects".〔W. D. Ryan, "Intense Street Lighting," ''General Electric Review'' 23 (May 1920) 362, quoted in Jakle, p. 227.〕
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